Yeast or sourdough starter? - Google Arts & Culture (2024)

Dominika Zielinska's bakery by Frédéric Aguilhon / ReportagePhotosSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

The baguette began life in the 20th century, just after the appearance of baker's yeast. It therefore has a direct connection to this breakthrough. Sourdough bread, on the other hand, is often a flagship product of boulangeries, after a return

to popularity brought about in the 1980s by Lionel Poilâne's famous Pain Poilâne.
But every French baker must make a choice between these two different fermenting agents.

Mickaël Chesnouard, Meilleur ouvrier de France by Mickaël ChesnouardSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

Bread fermentation

Leavened bread is a fermented foodstuff, unlike its unleavened counterpart or buckwheat pancakes. Fermentation happens when fermenting agents (starters and bacteria) interact with fermentable sugars, which are the sugars contained within wheat (or other grain) flour, and break them down chemically.

Bakery Gosselin by Thomas DéronSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

What is yeast?

Yeast is a microscopic fungus (around 1/7,000 mm) and is therefore a single-celled organism. A piece of yeast weighing 0.03 oz. Like every living being, yeast needs to eat. It feeds on sugar, and in doing so, transforms it into different compounds.

The most well-known and widely used of these are the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (meaning beer sugar mushrooms), but many other kinds of yeast exist, too.

Levain dur by Vincent FerniotSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

The result of sugar being consumed by yeast

This process differs depending on whether yeast or a sourdough starter is used.
Yeast feeds on wheat starch (a kind of sugar), releasing carbonated gas from it. Baker's yeast turns the sugar into alcohol (a very low volume which evaporates away as the dough is baked) and into carbonated gas.
Sourdough starters turn the sugar into carbonated gas and lactic (and acetic) acid, which give this bread its sour flavor.

Mie alvéoléeSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

How does fermentation act on the bread dough?

The two main outcomes of bread dough fermentation are bubble formation (the distinctive air pockets that form after baking) and the enrichment of the aromas. Like any other kind of fermentation, the process makes the food easier to digest by predigesting it.

Portrait Kinga Klusak dans son fournil by Abril M BarruecosSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

What's the difference between a starter and baker's yeast?

Starters, the original rising product, are prepared by bakers before they make the bread. They come from a culture of yeasts and lactic bacteria that are left to develop naturally in a mix of flour and water left exposed to fresh air. Baker's yeast is an industrial product of the 19th century. It is a standardized product made by selecting and allowing certain yeast types to multiply in order to achieve a faster, more controlled fermentation.

Hot, but not too hot: the dough needs to be kept at the right temperature so the yeast can produce a good fermentation. Too cold: the microorganisms are affected by the cold. They become dormant, and the dough doesn't rise enough. Hot: the microorganisms act quickly but not in the desired way. The bread won't have the time needed to bring out its aromas, and it will go stale quickly since it also won't have the time to trap water in its glutinous network. Very hot: the yeast is cooked, the bacteria die out, and the dough doesn't rise at all.

Mickaël Chesnouard by M Gain Nathanaël et le magasin M Crampon FrancoisSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

What is gluten?

Gluten is the protein that is the building block of leavened bread. It occurs naturally in wheat (even more so in traditional wheat species). During fermentation, it binds to carbohydrates and other proteins to form a stretchy glutinous network. This network holds the bread together by trapping the gas bubbles. Without gluten, bread collapses when it is cooled.

Is gluten bad for your health? Gluten does not bring any health risks apart from risks for people with celiac disease (an acute gluten intolerance), who make up around 1% of the population. It's undeserved reputation as indigestible seems to stem largely from other factors of the bread-making process: the excessive use of additives in industrially produced bread, undercooking, and intestinal sensitivity to fermentable sugars that are more often present in white bread.

Mickaël Chesnouard, Meilleur ouvrier de France by Mickaël ChesnouardSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

So are baguettes made using yeast or starters?

Under the official decree that defines a Baguette de Tradition Française (Traditional Baguette) under French law, both yeast and starters are permitted, either separately or together. This is left up to the preference of artisan French bakers.

Bakery Kayser - Israel by KayserSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

Sourdough baguette

This is a traditional shape (farmhouse bread) that gives free reign to the baker's creativity. Sourdough produces a small amount of gas, and the dough rises slowly, but it produces what is known as lactic fermentation, similar to what happens in yogurt or sauerkraut. This gives the bread a fuller flavor and sourness, and makes it easier to digest.

Bakery Gosselin by Thomas DéronSociété nationale des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France

A baguette made from baker's yeast

This is a more modern type of baguette, which is easier for the baker to control since the yeast purchased is always near-identical in its composition, and the dough rises more quickly thanks to its accelerated fermentation. It has a much sweeter flavor and a subtler aroma. The baker will add aroma later while roasting the bread during the baking process.

A mix of sourdough starter and baker's yeast This is the middle ground adopted by a number of artisan bakers who are keen to take advantage of the benefits of both categories of fermenting agents. The inimitable signature aroma of sourdough and the ease of use of yeast. It's then up to the client to choose what they prefer.

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Yeast or sourdough starter? - Google Arts & Culture (2024)

FAQs

What's the difference between a sourdough starter and a yeast starter? ›

Unlike baker's yeast, sourdough starter is naturally occurring and is a lot more volatile and unpredictable than its commercially produced counterpart. And one of the main differences to commercial yeast, is that the yeast in your sourdough starter live in a symbiotic relationship with the lactic acid bacteria.

What happens if you don't use enough sourdough starter? ›

As a general rule, the less sourdough starter you use, the slower your dough will ferment - resulting in a more sour flavored loaf. The more starter you use, the faster your dough will ferment - resulting in a less sour loaf.

Is sourdough or yeast bread better for you? ›

Generally, participants who ate the sourdough bread had lower blood sugar and insulin levels than those who ate the breads fermented with baker's yeast ( 3 , 21 , 22 , 23 ). Sourdough fermentation produces changes in the bread that may help control blood sugar better than bread made using traditional baker's yeast.

Can you use yeast and sourdough starter together? ›

In fact, many of the most popular sourdough bread recipes on our site (e.g., Rustic Sourdough Bread, Whole Wheat and Rye Sourdough Bread) include commercial yeast along with starter.

Why would you use sourdough instead of yeast? ›

more complex flavor sourdough brings. sourdough is better for gluten sensitivities. makes bread & baked goods last longer without preservatives. more sustainable and allow you to make bread when commercial yeast isn't' available.

Can I use instant yeast instead of sourdough starter? ›

No, you cannot start a sourdough starter with instant yeast. Sourdough starter is typically made by capturing wild yeast and bacteria from the environment to create a natural fermentation process. Instant yeast is a different type of yeast that is cultivated specifically for quick and reliable bread rising.

Do you have to discard starter every time you feed it? ›

It would be best if you discarded some portion of your starter each time you feed it unless you want to continue to let it grow. Eventually, you need to discard the used “food” (flour and water) that's been used to sustain your starter during the last fermentation period.

Can you put too much starter in sourdough bread? ›

If you have too much starter compared to the additional flour and water you're adding, your hungry starter consumes all the nutrients and then it's not as bubbly.

What does a bad sourdough starter look like? ›

While some starters might develop a thin layer of hooch (a liquid that forms on the surface), especially if they have been neglected, mould growth is a definite problem. A mouldy sourdough starter will exhibit visible signs of mould growth, which can vary in appearance depending on the type of the mould.

Why do people prefer sourdough over yeast? ›

In the process, the sourdough helps to break down natural irritants found in wheat, like gluten and phytic acid, making the bread more digestible and nutritious. In fact, many people who are gluten-intolerant can take pleasure in eating bread again.

Is it okay to eat sourdough bread every day? ›

Health benefits of sourdough. The type of flour used — all-purpose, whole wheat, rye — can affect the nutritional content of sourdough bread, says Wee. But generally speaking, sourdough bread is a healthy option and can be eaten regularly as part of a nutritious, balanced diet.

What is the healthiest sourdough bread? ›

Whole wheat sourdough bread is one of the healthiest types of sourdough breads. Any sourdough bread with whole grains is considered healthier to classic sourdough bread.

What is the best flour for sourdough starter? ›

Over the past decade-plus of baking, I've tested all manner of flour from whole grain wheat to spelt to einkorn, and while they all do work, my preferred flour to use when creating a sourdough starter is whole grain rye flour and white flour (this can be all-purpose or high-protein bread flour).

When should you not use sourdough starter? ›

After a few days, your daily 1/4 cup flour and water won't be enough to sustain your entire jar of starter, and your starter will be slow and sluggish, not much better than discard itself. But that's not necessarily a bad thing, depending on what you want to bake with it.

Can I jumpstart my sourdough starter with yeast? ›

A helpful hack to stretch out store-bought yeast, if you've got it, and kickstart your sourdough journey.

What makes sourdough starters different? ›

Yes every sourdough starter will taste different depending on the age of the starter, they type of flour you feed it, how often you feed it and where the yeast in the starter has come from. Each starter also has a unique level of acidity, hydration and bacteria.

Is Mother yeast sourdough starter? ›

Mother - this is the overall dough culture that lives in a bowl in your fridge. We take portions from it to make our ferments (Starter) for our sourdough recipes. When the mother culture gets low, we add to it (feed it).

Is sourdough starter cheaper than yeast? ›

In a nutshell, if you are making a lot of bread, the sourdough starter will be cheaper than yeast. But if you're baking once a week or less, and don't need to bake large amounts of bread, then the yeast will probably be cheaper, if not quite as delicious.

Is sourdough starter bacteria or yeast? ›

The starter culture contains a community of microbes made up of yeasts and bacteria, which ferment the carbohydrates in flour and produce the carbon dioxide gas that makes the bread dough rise before baking.

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